The guest
Dr. Chris Palmer: A psychiatrist at Harvard Medical School and a world expert on the relationship between metabolic and psychiatric disorders. He pioneered using dietary interventions, especially the ketogenic diet, to treat conditions like depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.
What this episode covers
Andrew Huberman interviews Dr. Chris Palmer about the deep connection between nutrition, metabolism, and mental health. Palmer recounts his own metabolic and psychiatric struggles and how a low-carbohydrate diet reversed both, then describes treating patients with treatment-resistant mental illness using the ketogenic diet. The conversation traces the ketogenic diet's century-old origins as an epilepsy treatment and builds the case that mitochondria are central regulators of neurotransmitters, hormones, inflammation, and gene expression. They discuss applications to depression, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's, alcohol use disorder, and obesity, along with practical considerations like adherence, ketone monitoring, exogenous ketones, hormonal effects, and the limits of GLP-1 weight-loss drugs.
The guest's own work
BookBy the guestISBN verified
Brain Energy: A Revolutionary Breakthrough in Understanding Mental Health and Improving Treatment for Anxiety, Depression, OCD, PTSD and More
Chris Palmer
“Dr. Palmer is also the author of a terrific new book. The title is Brain Energy: A Revolutionary Breakthrough in Understanding Mental Health”— Andrew Huberman
Also referenced (named, not recommended)
ProductReferenced
Depakote
AbbVie
“Depakote, Tegretol, Lamictal, Topamax, Neurontin or gabapentin, Valium, Klonopin, Xanax-- those are all medications that stop seizures.”— Chris Palmer
ProductReferenced
Tegretol
Novartis
“Depakote, Tegretol, Lamictal, Topamax, Neurontin or gabapentin, Valium, Klonopin, Xanax-- those are all medications that stop seizures.”— Chris Palmer
ProductReferenced
Lamictal
GlaxoSmithKline
“Depakote, Tegretol, Lamictal, Topamax, Neurontin or gabapentin, Valium, Klonopin, Xanax-- those are all medications that stop seizures.”— Chris Palmer
ProductReferenced
Topamax
Janssen
“Depakote, Tegretol, Lamictal, Topamax, Neurontin or gabapentin, Valium, Klonopin, Xanax-- those are all medications that stop seizures.”— Chris Palmer
ProductReferenced
Neurontin (gabapentin)
Pfizer
“Depakote, Tegretol, Lamictal, Topamax, Neurontin or gabapentin, Valium, Klonopin, Xanax-- those are all medications that stop seizures.”— Chris Palmer
ProductReferenced
Valium (diazepam)
Roche
“Depakote, Tegretol, Lamictal, Topamax, Neurontin or gabapentin, Valium, Klonopin, Xanax-- those are all medications that stop seizures.”— Chris Palmer
ProductReferenced
Klonopin (clonazepam)
Roche
“Depakote, Tegretol, Lamictal, Topamax, Neurontin or gabapentin, Valium, Klonopin, Xanax-- those are all medications that stop seizures.”— Chris Palmer
ProductReferenced
Xanax (alprazolam)
Pfizer
“Depakote, Tegretol, Lamictal, Topamax, Neurontin or gabapentin, Valium, Klonopin, Xanax-- those are all medications that stop seizures.”— Chris Palmer
ProductReferenced
Ambien (zolpidem)
Sanofi
“I'm going to use a benzodiazepine or either commonly called the Z medicines for sleep-- zolpidem or Ambien or something like that.”— Chris Palmer
ProductReferenced
Ativan (lorazepam)
Pfizer
“I usually start with something like Ativan or Klonopin or something like that-- probably Ativan because it's shorter-acting.”— Chris Palmer
Big reveals from this episode
- Palmer reversed his own metabolic syndrome in three months on a modified Atkins diet after doctors told him his genes left him 'screwed.'
- A 33-year-old schizoaffective patient's auditory hallucinations and paranoid delusions began resolving 6-8 weeks into a ketogenic diet, with no medication change.
- That same patient lost 160 pounds, performed live improv, completed a certificate program, and moved out to live independently.
- In a French pilot of 28 treatment-resistant patients, 100% improved, 46% reached remission, and 64% left on less medication.
- David Sinclair published that mitochondrial dysfunction may be the unifying cause of aging and aging-related disorders.
- Rats on a ketogenic diet showed a five-fold increase in blood alcohol levels from the same dose of alcohol.
- Palmer argues obesity is a symptom of metabolic derangement and that GLP-1 drugs ignore the root cause.
Worth remembering
- The ketogenic diet was created in 1921 by Dr. Russell Wilder at the Mayo Clinic for one purpose: to treat epilepsy.
- Early ketogenic-diet results showed 50% of epilepsy patients became seizure-free and about 85% had significant improvement.
- Mitochondria are described as the 'motherboard' of the cell, directing resource allocation, not just power production.
- One study found mitochondria are responsible for the expression of about 60% of a cell's genes.
- Mitochondria contain the enzymes needed to synthesize steroid hormones including cortisol, estrogen, testosterone, and progesterone.
- THC directly harms mitochondria via CB1 receptors located on them, linked to memory impairment and amotivation.
- Alcohol is converted by the liver into acetate, which fuels brain reward-pathway cells deprived of glucose in alcoholics.
- Palmer believes exogenous ketones alone don't replicate the ketogenic diet; no child has controlled seizures on ketone supplements without the diet.
- Fatty acids cannot fuel the brain; only ketones can, and ketones are made primarily in liver mitochondria.
- In a mouse study, female mice never got pregnant on a ketogenic diet while standard-diet mice reproduced normally.
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